Tham khảo Endorphin

  1. ↑ Stefano GB, Ptáček R, Kuželová H, Kream RM (2012). “Endogenous morphine: up-to-date review 2011” (PDF). Folia Biol. (Praha) 58 (2): 49–56. PMID 22578954. Positive evolutionary pressure has apparently preserved the ability to synthesize chemically authentic morphine, albeit in homeopathic concentrations, throughout animal phyla. ... The apparently serendipitous finding of an opiate alkaloid-sensitive, opioid peptide-insensitive, µ3 opiate receptor subtype expressed by invertebrate immunocytes, human blood monocytes, macrophage cell lines, and human blood granulocytes provided compelling validating evidence for an autonomous role of endogenous morphine as a biologically important cellular signalling molecule (Stefano et al., 1993; Cruciani et al., 1994; Stefano and Scharrer, 1994; Makman et al., 1995). ... Human white blood cells have the ability to make and release morphine 
  2. ↑ “μ receptor”. IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. 15 tháng 3 năm 2017. Truy cập ngày 28 tháng 12 năm 2017. Comments: β-Endorphin is the highest potency endogenous ligand ... Morphine occurs endogenously [117]. 
  3. 1 2 Goldstein A, Lowery PJ (tháng 9 năm 1975). “Effect of the opiate antagonist naloxone on body temperature in rats”. Life Sciences 17 (6): 927–31. PMID 1195988. doi:10.1016/0024-3205(75)90445-2. 
  4. 1 2 Li Y, Lefever MR, Muthu D, Bidlack JM, Bilsky EJ, Polt R (tháng 2 năm 2012). “Opioid glycopeptide analgesics derived from endogenous enkephalins and endorphins”. Future Medicinal Chemistry 4 (2): 205–226. PMC 3306179. PMID 22300099. doi:10.4155/fmc.11.195. Table 1: Endogenous opioid peptides 
  5. ↑ “Is there a link between exercise and happiness?”. Truy cập ngày 18 tháng 9 năm 2014. 
  6. ↑ Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). “Chapter 7: Neuropeptides”. Trong Sydor A, Brown RY. Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (ấn bản 2). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. tr. 183, 192. ISBN 9780071481274. Different patterns of tissue-specific cleavage is another step by which a diversity of signaling peptides can be generated. Posttranslational processing can be illustrated by the cleavage and modification of proopiomelanocortin (POMC), the precursor of several peptides with distinct biological actions, including adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), α-melanocytestimulating hormone (α-MSH; also called melanocortin), and β-endorphin. 
  7. ↑ “Role of endorphins discovered”. PBS Online: A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries. Public Broadcasting System. 1 tháng 1 năm 1998. Truy cập ngày 15 tháng 10 năm 2008. 
  8. ↑ Hughes J, Smith TW, Kosterlitz HW, Fothergill LA, Morgan BA, Morris HR (tháng 12 năm 1975). “Identification of two related pentapeptides from the brain with potent opiate agonist activity”. Nature 258 (5536): 577–80. PMID 1207728. doi:10.1038/258577a0. 
  9. ↑ Simantov R, Snyder SH (tháng 7 năm 1976). “Morphine-like peptides in mammalian brain: isolation, structure elucidation, and interactions with the opiate receptor”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 73 (7): 2515–9. PMC 430630. PMID 1065904. doi:10.1073/pnas.73.7.2515. 
  10. ↑ Poeaknapo C, Schmidt J, Brandsch M, Dräger B, Zenk MH (tháng 9 năm 2004). “Endogenous formation of morphine in human cells”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101 (39): 14091–6. PMC 521124. PMID 15383669. doi:10.1073/pnas.0405430101. 
  11. ↑ Kream RM, Stefano GB (tháng 10 năm 2006). “De novo biosynthesis of morphine in animal cells: an evidence-based model”. Medical Science Monitor 12 (10): RA207–19. PMID 17006413.